STUDENT PREPARED EXTRA CREDIT EXAMS

12/13/99

Instructions

These exams are prepared by the students during a particular semester. The instructions for preparation are presented in the syllabus. I do not correct or modify any of these exams others than to clean up the numbering, so if the readers have problems they are encouraged to contact the author and discuss any issue with them in a reasoned and respectful manner.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

EXTRA CREDIT FIRST EXAM

EXTRA CREDIT SECOND EXAM

EXTRA CREDIT THIRD EXAM

Note that these exams are loaded exactly as the students wrote them. Please direct all your comments and questions to them and not to Dr. Hurlbert.

EXTRA CREDIT FOURTH EXAM

Merk Exam: E-mail questions and comments to Erin Merk at emerk@mail.wsu.edu

Match the choices given below with the best descriptions/definitions in the next four questions. Some may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

    1. Potable Water
    2. Fresh Water
    3. Pollution
    4. Sewage

1. non-salt or sea water:______ (17)

2. combined community waste we dump into sewers of a community:______ (17)

3. ______ is free of all objectionable material. (17)

4. ______ is anything that makes water non-potable. (17)

5. ______ can contain high concentrations of some minerals and gases.(17)

6. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION: Which of the following is not a fact about termites? (20)

    1. most abundant animal on earth
    2. they produce cellulases
    3. they live on cellulose
    4. inhibit 2/3 of the lands surfaces, mostly in tropical regions

7. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION: The gallons of water the average American uses per day is: (17)

    1. 183
    2. 10
    3. 10,000
    4. 50

8. The equation that represents the total amount of potable water is: (17)

    1. Wp = U + N – O
    2. Wc = Wt - Wp
    3. Wpw = Wc / H
    4. Wt = Wc + Wp

9. Step III in the activated sludge sewage treatment is different from the trickling filter sewage treatment. Which of the following only occurs in Step III of the Activated Sludge sewage treatment that makes it different: (17)

    1. Raw sewage comes out the end of the sewage line and runs into a large tank.
    2. Larger pieces of matter settle out as sludge.
    3. There is an addition of a microbial inoculum.
    4. There is an addition of chlorine.

10. Both of the two secondary sewage treatment plans do which of the following: (17)

    1. produce potable water
    2. kill all pathogens
    3. digest many man-made organic chemicals
    4. remove about 85 – 95% of the input ebom

11 In the sterilization canning process, in order to destroy the C. botulinum spore, the food must be: (18)

    1. cooled to a min of 300 C for 15 min
    2. heated to a min of 1800 for 20 min
    3. cooled to a min of 00 for 20 min
    4. heated to a min of 1230 for 15 min

12 When canning at home, sterilization is carried out in a: (18)

    1. crock pot
    2. pressure cooker
    3. strainer
    4. deep fryer

13 The following are all microbial enhanced foods EXCEPT: (19)

    1. apple
    2. coffee
    3. corn
    4. peanuts

14 Who was the English microbiologist who discovered penicillin is: (19)

    1. F. Redi
    2. R. Hooke
    3. L. Pasteur
    4. A. Fleming

15 Which of the following is not an advantage of the activated sludge system: (17)

    1. it is cheaper
    2. can be stacked up in buildings
    3. more flexible
    4. can treat larger volumes of sewage in a smaller space

16 Which is the most effective way to help the conservation of inexpensive clean fresh water? (17)

    1. Everyone stop drinking water
    2. Use water out of gutters to water lawns and plants.
    3. Slow down or bring a halt to population growth.
    4. Filter bath water for drinking

17 Energy is required for the various enzymatic reactions that require an input of energy for the reaction they catalyze. All of the following are examples of this EXCEPT: (18)

    1. Movement of muscles in our legs during a race.
    2. In our intestines, as we digest our last meal.
    3. Draw air into our lungs for breathing.
    4. Watching a child build a fort.

18. Which of the following is not associated with cheese manufacturing: (19)

    1. curd
    2. whey
    3. rennin
    4. malting

19 The following are microbial produced commercial pharmacological and related biotech products EXCEPT: (19)

    1. vitamins
    2. antibiotics
    3. carbohydrates
    4. amino acids

20.What type of industry is expected to be one of the fastest growing industries in the next century, even though many of them fail: (19)

    1. Machinery
    2. Coffee
    3. Biotech
    4. Car

21.How many people die each year from microbiologyically contaminated water? (17)

    1. 90
    2. 940,000
    3. 900
    4. 9,000

22.This WBD is a viral disease that can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route and by sexual intimacy. (17)

    1. Amebiasis
    2. Hepatitus A
    3. Cholera
    4. Giardia intestinalis

23.Food (nutrition) supplies what two major components of life: (18)

    1. energy & the chemical building blocks for life
    2. protein & fat
    3. protein & the chemical building blocks for life
    4. energy & fat

24.The major drawback to the use of cooling as a food preserver is that: (18)

    1. it freezes sometimes, causing more pathogens to grow
    2. it is expensive
    3. it is hard to maintain the correct temperature
    4. the food looses flavor after a certain period of time.

25.In ethanol production, the step where the sprouted malt is suspended in water where the enzymes continue to break down the polysaccharides to release simple sugars is: (19)

    1. malting
    2. mashing
    3. ripening
    4. fermentation

26.Food Borne Disease exists in which two major categories: (18)

    1. infections & viruses
    2. intoxications & indigestions
    3. intoxications & infections
    4. viruses & indigestions

27. When studying restorative plants, it was noticed that they contained small tumor-like growths on there roots called: (20)

    1. capsules
    2. tumors
    3. nodules
    4. plaques

28.______________ is an intoxication that is caused by the ingestion of a virulent nerve toxin produced by the growth of the Gram (+), obligate anaerobe, spore – former Clostridium botulinum. (18)

    1. Botulism
    2. Q fever
    3. Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning
    4. Salmonella Gastroenteritis

29. One important component of the carbon cycle is: (20)

    1. CH4
    2. NH3
    3. PO3
    4. CO

30. Nitrogen gas constitutes what percent of the Earth’s atmosphere: (20)

    1. 90%
    2. 40%
    3. 20%
    4. 80%

31. All of the following are ways to help prevent FBD EXCEPT: (18)

    1. Clean your kitchen once a month
    2. Wash your hands after pooping
    3. Don’t eat dirty or spoiled food
    4. Practice good kitchen habits

32. Recent studies from the CDC estimate that foodborne illnesses account for how many deaths per year: (18)

    1. 200
    2. 60,000
    3. 5,000
    4. 325,000

33. What 3 main pathogens are responsible for the amount of deaths from the above question: (18)

    1. Salmonella, E.Coli, Staphylococcus aureus
    2. Salmonella, Listeria, Taxoplasma
    3. E. Coli, Listeria, Q fever
    4. E. Coli, Clostridium, Taxoplasma

34. In one common symbiotic relationship one of the associates benefits from the association, while the other gains nothing, is either harmed, or even killed. This form of symbiosis is: (20)

    1. Association
    2. Parasitic
    3. Mutualistic
    4. Common Symbiosis

35. The partner in the relationship stated in question 34 that benefits is called the: (20)

    1. dominant partner
    2. ruler
    3. host
    4. pathogen

Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate answers dealing with the manufacturing of cheese. These answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

    1. Starter culture
    2. Whey
    3. Curd one common symbiotic relationship, one of the associates benefits from the association while the other either gains
    4. Molds
    5. Ripened

36. excess liquid:______ (19)

37. produces desired flavors:______ (19)

38. ______ is what the cleaved casein precipitates out as after the pH has been lowered. (19)

39. added to give a particular flavor to the cheese as they grow on the curd:______ (19)

40. ______ occurs for various periods of time under specific conditions of temperature and humidity. (19)

41. The FBD associated with lunchmeat and hotdogs is: (18)

    1. Q fever
    2. Salmonella
    3. E. Coli
    4. Listeria

42. In relationship to ethanol production, what is the metabolism of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions: (19)

    1. malting
    2. fermentation
    3. ripening
    4. absorption

43. Microbes that prosper exist inside eukaryotic cells at temps of: (20)

    1. > 100 degrees C
    2. < 100 degrees C
    3. 0 to 10 degrees C
    4. 50 to 100 degrees C

44. Spaces or locations with in the Earth’s ecosystem where some environmental factors differ from another that are nearby is: (20)

    1. Province
    2. Microenvironmental
    3. Macroenvironmental
    4. Continent

45. Some scientists argue that all living organisms on earth exist in some symbiosis with another. (20)

    1. true
    2. false

46. What bacterium do we use as the indicator of fecal pollution: (20)

    1. Clostridium botulinum
    2. Staphylococcus aureus
    3. E. Coli
    4. Salmonella

47. Compost heaps help illustrate:

    1. water cycle
    2. nutrient cycle
    3. soil cycle
    4. bacteria growth

48. The simple way to think of the process of Mineralization is: (20)

    1. dead organic matter, life, fertilizer, new life forever
    2. life, dead organic matter, fertilizer, new life forever
    3. death, fertilizer
    4. dead organic matter, rebirth

49. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION: How many FBD’s are there in the US? (18)

    1. 50 diseases are transmitted through food
    2. 100 diseases are transmitted through food
    3. more than 200 diseases are transmitted through food
    4. more than 1,000 diseases are transmitted through food

50. CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION: Ethanol is a potent biological toxin that damages all organs in the body. (19)

    1. true
    2. false

Go to answers to Merk test

 

Gecas Extra Credit Exam

STUDENT EXTRA CREDIT EXAM FOR CHAPTERS 17 -20
E-MAIL QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS TO
JAMILEE GECAS AT  gecas-drader@webtv.net 

1. When did life roginated in the primitive ocean? (17,2)
    A. 3.5 million years ago
    B. 3.5 billion years ago
    C. 3 million years ago
    D. 4 billion years ago

2.  What is considered to be a near natural law? (17/3)
    A. That in water an energy source & basic nutrients exist, you will find living microbes
    B. That in water, an energy source & basic nutrients exist, you will find inactive mircobes
    C. That water is required to maintain human existence
    D. That water transports a number of water borne diseases

3.  In the equeatoin Wt = Wc + Wp, what does the Wt stand for? (17/5)
    A. Polluted fresheater
    B. Potable water
    C. Freshwater
    D. P0ollution

4.  Where did real toilet paper first appear? (17/9)
    A. India
    B. Pakistan
    C. Iran
    D. China

5.  What is the most common identified water-borne illness in the US? (17/40)
    A. Escherichia coli
    B. Giardia lamblia
    C. Salmonela enteritidis
    D. H. pyloi

6.  Obtaining & maintaining an unpolluted water supply still remains a major problem even in the developed world. (17/13)
    A. True
    B. False

7.  Describe the "frog in the frying pan" (17/13)
    A. If you place a frog in a shallow frying pan and slowly turn up the temperature, the frog will remain in the pan until it dies because its heat-sensing system does not respond to absolute tempeature
    B. If you place a frog in a shallow frying pan & uickly turn up the temperature, the frog will remain in the pan until it dies because its heat-sensing sytem does not respond to thresholds
    C. If you place a frog in a frying pan & turn up the temperature, the frog will burn because it can not get out.

8.  Which of the following does NOT describe a wetland? (17/14)
    A. Wetlands act as huge sponges absorbing excess water
    B. Wetlands decrease destructive flooding
    C. Wetlands do not inhabit any species
    D. Wetlands make prime farm land

9.  Why is chlrine added in step 5 of the swage treatment? (17/20)
    A. To add in the aerobic metabolism of the EBOM
    B. To kill bacterial pathogens
    C. To slow down the flow of sludge
    D. To kill the larger pieces of organic matter

10.  What is potable water? (17/5)
    A. sea water
    B. Combined community waste
    C. Unlcean water
    D. Free of pathogens

11.  How many Americans die each year from microbiologically contaminated water? (17/33)
    A. 90
    B. 900
    C. 9000
    D. 19

12.  What is considered nectar-of-the-Gods by people all over the world? (18/5)
    A. Yogurt
    B. Buttermilk
    C. Ethyl alcohol
    D. Spoiled milk

13.  In the middle ages, what spoiled food was still considered nutritious? (18/5)
    A. Eggs
    B. Spices
    C. Milk
    D. Meat

14.  In 1810, a man by the name of Appert found what? (18/6)
    A. Drying
    B. Cooling & freezing
    C. Sterilization
    D. Salt

15.  What is Clostridium botulinum? (18/6)
    A. The most deadly biological toxin that is produced by the spore-forming bacterium
    B. The bacterium in scramental wafers
    C. A disease in the US of poverty & sexual promiscuity
    D. The bacterium found in stomach ulcers

16.  What are nitrate & nitrite? (18/9)
    A. Osmotic pressure agents
    B. Oxidizing agents
    C. Acetic acids
    D. Propionic acid

17.  Which of the following preservation techniques contains aldehydes which tend to form cancer? (18/13)
    A. Radiation
    B. Antibiotcis
    C. Drying
    D. Smoking

18.  What is Botulism? (18/15)
    A. An intoxication that is caused by the ingestion of a virulent nerve toxin produced by C. botulinum
    B. An intoxication that is caused by the ingestion of a virulent muscle toxin produced by C. botulinum
    C. The etiological agent of toxic shock syndrome
    D. The most common cause of foodborn illnesses in the home

19.  What do the number 0157:147 refer to on the Escherichia coli bacterium? (18/19)
    A. The antigenic properties of FBD & a flagella protein
    B. The antigenic charactersitics of LPS & a flagella protein
    C. The number code for how many bacterial strans there are
    D. The number code for how many outbreaks there are

20.  In the US, what causes more than 2 million illnesses each year? (18/21)
    A. Escheridria coli
    B. Salmonella
    C. Staphylococcus aureus
    D. Campylobacter infections

21.  Which is not a microwave danger issue? (18/25)
    A. The lack of neccessary "stand time"
    B. Uneven distribution of the microwaves
    C. The amount of time programmed into the dial
    D. Dry food may not be heated sufficiently to kill the pathogen

22.  What are the most common pathogens in cheese? (19/4)
    A. Listeria & Salmonella
    B. Listeria & Stapylococcus
    C. Saccharomyces carlsbegensis
    D. Saccaromyces cerevisial

23.  People with Sprue can not eat what? (19/9)
    A. Cassave
    B. Peanuts
    C. Soy Beans
    D. Soy sauce

24.  What did A. Fleming discover? (19/14)
    A. S. aureus
    B. Penicillin
    C. Codine
    D. E. Coli

25.  What is the crucial step in the bioremediation process? (19/18)
    A. The isolation of suitable microbes that will effectively metabolize the pollutant
    B. Grow the pollution - fighting microbes
    C. Add the pollution - fighting microbes
    D. Develop a microbial approach for dealing with the pollutants

26.  How do microbes affect the weather? (20/3)
    A. They absorb the sunlight to raise the ocean's temperature
    B. They absorb algae in the ocean, thus creating heat
    C. They replicate so many times that they cause the continental drift
    D. They reflect sunlight off the ocean's back into the air

27.  Which of the following roles do microbes not play in our lives? (20/2)
    A. To clean up all the dead organic material
    B. To extract minerals from ores
    C. To contaminate soil fertiliity & soil tilth
    D. There are the prime food for freshwater life

28.  Define Mutualisitc symbiosis. (20/5)
    A. A relationship between 2 organisms that live in a close association that live in a close association & one partner benefits & the other is harmed
    B. A relationship between one or both partners gain something possitive
    C. A relationship between both partners are negatively benefited
    D. Nothing happens to either partner

29.  What gas does the Nitrogen Cycle state with? (20/8)
    A. NO3
    B. NO2
    C. NH3
    D. N2

30.  How are WBD's transmitted? (17/41)
    A. Fecal contaminated water
    B. Food
    C. Animals
    D. Humans

Match the descriptions in the following 5 questions below with a particular disease in A - E.  A choice may be used once, more than once or not at all. (18/15-19)
    A. Botulism
    B. Coxiella burnetii
    C. Staphylococcus aureus
    D. Salmonella Gastroenteritis
    E. Escherichia coli

31.  The most studied bacteriium on this planet  __

32.  H is able to grow in the absence of oxygen & produces a protein neutral toxin __

33.  Occur mostly in home - canned foods __

34.  H is highly infectious & debilitating, which has been studied as a biological warfare weapon  __

35.  It is considered part of the human body's natural flora __

36.  What do neither of the two secondary treatment plants do? (17/26)
    A. They do not kill all the pathogens
    B. They do not remove toxic metals
    C. They do not remove radioactive materials
    D. They do not produce fresh water

37.  What does the term "fermentation" mean in relatioship to ethanol production? (19/6)
    A. The metabolism of carbohydrates under aerobic conditions
    B. The metabolism of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions
    C. The metabolism of sugars under anaerobic conditions
    D. The suspended malt in aeobic conditions

38.  Most biologists feel the most effective action that can be taken to stop the decline of clean fresh water is... (17/32)
    A. Slow down population growth
    B. Water conservation
    C. Increase taxes
    D. For many people to install home purification systems

39.  What groups of proteins does wheat & several other grains make? (19/8)
    A. Carbon dioxide
    B. Dough
    C. Gluters
    D. Celiac sprue

40.  What does Wc = Wt - Wp stand for? (17/7)
    A. The total amount of potable water
    B. The amount of available freshwater
    C. The amount of polluted freshwater
    D. The amount of potable freshwater

41.  A baby losing liquids by vomiting & diarrhea should not be given liquids because it hurts them to vomit. (17/35)
    A. True
    B. False

42.  Which of the following ingredients should not be put in the oral rehydration therapy solution? (17/35)
    A. Potassium
    B. Potassium chloride
    C. Salt
    D. Sodium chloride

43.  What bacterium is considered a major threat to the US water supply? (17/42)
    A. Giardia lamblia
    B. H. pylori
    C. Cryptospridium paruum
    D. E. coli

44.  What is the most important commercially nitrogen - fixing symbiosis? (20/12)
    A. Nodule/ legumes
    B. Rhizobia/ bacteriods
    C. legumes/ Rhizobia relationship
    D. Proteases/ legumes

Match the descriptions in the following 3 questions below with a particular cycle of matter in A - B. (20/7-8)
    A. The Carbon Cycle
    B. The Nitrogen Cycle

45.  Methan is an important component __

46.  Oxidizes ammonia into NO2 by a group of specialized microorganisms __

47.  Works only under anarobic conditions __

48.  The stomach of young cattle contains which enzymes that cleaves the casein protein of milk making it easier to curdle?
    A. Whey
    B. Lactose
    C. Urea
    D. Rennin

49.  Who invented the modern toilet? (17/13)
    A. Edward Toilet
    B. Thomas Crapper
    C. John Flush
    D. John Snow

50.  What are some forms of food preservation? (18/4)
    A. Salt
    B. Radiation
    C. Drying
    D. None of the above
    E. All of the above

Go to Gecas Answers

Baker Extra Credit Exam

STUDENT EXTRA CREDIT FOR CHAPTERS 17-20
E-MAIL QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS TO
DIANA BAKER AT dmbaker@wsunix.wsu.edu 

1. Evidence indicates that life originated in the primitive ocean approximately....(17/2)

A. 2.5 billion years ago
B. 3 billion years ago
C. 3.5 billion years ago
D. 2.5 billion years ago

2. Critical Thinking: If a change in a single base pair of DNA results in a subtle alteration in the shape of a crucial molecule and produces a genetic disease, can hydrophilic and hydrophobic reflect minuscule interactions between a molecules components and water? (17/2)

A. Yes
B. No

3. In the phrase, "Where liquid water, an energy source and basic nutrients exist, you
will find living microbes," What is it referring to? (17/3)

A. A near natural law
B. Required to maintain human existence
C. Major vehicle for a number of water borne diseases

4. Which of the following is considered a burgeoning of human population unable to
move from its waste? If A, B or C is correct choose A, B or C. If A, B and C are correct choose D, if Band C are right choose E.

A. During 1996 there were 2,700 beaches closed due to contamination
B. In 1997, the PFIESTERIA outbreak in Chesapeake Bay cost $43 million dollars in economic losses
C. In 1993, the CRYPTOSPORIDIUM outbreak in Milwaukee cost $55 million
D. A, B and C
E. B and C

5. Of the freshwater, 7% is permanently trapped in ice caps and glaciers that either float
in the oceans or flows directly into them, or are in isolated aquifers and is considered
unavailable. (17/5)

A. True
B. False

6. The term "in the toilet" refers to the way the Romans favored doing business and
politics in public lavatories. (17/9)

A. True
B. False

7. The establishment of the relationship between bacterial pathogens and water polluted
with human wastes in the late 1800's caused...(17/12)

A. People to demand safe water, even if it involved taxation
B. People to become doctors to meet the demands of the human disease caused by waste
C. Sewage treatment technology to develop in the 1800's
D. Gave the city a reason to create taxes for their own purposes

8. Who is considered the inventor of the modern flush toilet? (17/13)

A. John Snow
B. Thomas Crapper
C. Edward Jenner
D. Robert Koch

9. What is a wetland? (17/14)

A. An area that has some land but is partially underwater most of the year
B. An area that is underwater or swampy all the time for several months of most years
C. An area that is above water but has the potential to be flooded most of the year
D. An area that is always raining so it is called wetland

10. Why do wetlands play an important role in the ecology of the water cycle and in the
economy of the nation? If the answer is A, B or C mark them individually. If the answer is A and C, mark D. If the answer is A, B and C, mark E. (17,14)

A. Wetlands act as huge sponges absorbing excess water during periods of heavy
precipitation and flooding
B. Wetlands decrease destructive flooding by collecting excessive water from rivers
and lakes
C. The wetlands recharge underground water sources
D. A and C
E. A, B and C

11. The purpose of a sewage treatment plant is to provide the optimum conditions for
selecting and utilizing microbes to convert easily biodegradable organic matter to mineral forms. (17/17)

A. True
B. False

12. Critical Thinking: The ideal situation for a microbe in the sewage treatment process is
a great example of what? (17/19)

A. The Germ Theory
B. How sewage becomes drinking water
C. Evolutionary principle of Survival of the Fittest
D. Specific ligand/receptor interaction

13. Which one of the following doesn't the two secondary treatment plants do? (17/25)

A. Kill all pathogens
B. Provides drinking water
C. Produces potable water
D. Digest many man-made organic chemicals
E. All of the above

14. About one fifth of Americans drink unsafe or inadequately treated water. (17/31)

A. True
B. False

15. Spices became popularized in the 1930's due to....(18/2)

A. The flavor that spices can create
B. To cover the rotting meat taste because there was no electric refrigerators
C. Spices make cooking more interesting
D. Professor Hurlbert had personal experiences with this

16. What are some forms of food preservation? (18/4)

A. Radiation
B. Nitrate and Nitrite
C. Organic acids
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

17. Recent studies indicate that consumers are very concerned about the contamination
of their food with dangerous microbes. What do the studies show? (18/5)

A. The food-borne illness is caused by food prepared at commercially rather than in
the home
B. Consumers are aware of the most common food-borne illnesses in the US, they are caused by SAMONELLA AND CAMPYLOBACTER
C. Food poisoning kills 9,000 Americans/year and sends 30 to 80 million to the
doctor, emergency rooms or bathrooms with fever, diarrhea and cramps
D. Bacteriological analysis indicates that it is better to eat food that has fallen into
your kitchen sink than fallen into your toilet

18. Botulism is defined as what? (18/6)

A. An intoxication that is caused by the ingestion of a virulent nerve toxin produced
by the growth of the gram positive, obligate anaerobe, spore-former CLOSTRIDUIM BOTULINUM
B. An intoxication that is caused by the ingestion of an avirulent nerve toxin
produced by the growth of the gram negative, obligate aerobe, spore-forming CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
C. When the growth of a bacterium causes diarrhea
D. Don't ingest toxin, it can make you sick

19. What advice given by your mommy should be applied in everyday life? (18/8)

A. Don't eat off of dirty dishes or utensils
B. Don't eat dirty or spoiled food
C. Wash your hands after playing with the dog, cat, and ferret
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

20. Which of the following are good kitchen habits? (18/8)

A. Prepare all fresh meats dishes in the same kitchen area
B. Take out a life insurance policy naming Professor Hurlbert as the beneficiary
C. Always assume that fresh food is contaminated
D. Always store food with raw eggs

21. One of the most common sources of human salmonella infection occurs in the
kitchen, both commercial and domestic (18,7)

A. True
B. False

22. What are some modern problems of food safety in fast foods and prepared food? (18/9)

A. Fast food businesses hire young, untrained people who don't understand routine
sanitary measures
B. Also, large turnovers in fast food companies cause new, untrained personnel
C. Fast foods are more concerned with profit than matters relating to hygiene
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

23. The causes of food-borne illness include the following...(18,9)

A. Bacteria
B. Toxins
C. Metals
D. Prions
E. All of the above

24. In 1997, a meat packer supplied E. COLI 0157:H7 contaminated hamburger to 1000s
of stores and fast food outlets (18,10)

A. True
B. False

25. The process of cheese manufacturing follows what steps? (19,3)

A. Milk from any mammal and is mixed with rennin. The enzyme splits the milk
protein (casein)
B. A starter culture of a known strain of bacteria that produces desired flavors is
added and the lactose sugar is fermented by the bacteria to acids which lower the pH to a point where the cleaved casein precipitates out as a curd
C. The excess liquid, called whey is semi-dried curd that is collected. The curd is
inoculated with special bacteria and/or molds or both that give particular flavor to the cheese
D. The curd is ripened for various periods of time under specific conditions of
temperature and humidity
E. All of the above

26. Intentional alcohol production by humans is known to have been around for at least
10,000 years. (19,5)

A. True
B. False

27. The term fermentation refers to...(19,6)

A. The metabolism of carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions
B. The amount of time it takes for something to settle
C. Any simple or complex carbohydrates can be fermented
D. None of the above

28. A grain in ethanol production is rich in what? (19,6)

A. Glucose polymer
B. Sprout
C. Alcohol
D. Polysaccharide

29. Critical Thinking: Does the malt that is dried and crushed improve the extraction of
sugars? (19,6)

A. True
B. False

30. The aging of the brew is known as? (19,6)

A. Pitched
B. Lagered
C. Mashing
D. Malting

31. Name some ancient products of microbial action that was discovered by accident.
(19,7)

A. Breads
B. Ethanol
C. Cheese
D. All of the above

32. Women were considered the first scientist of bread. (19,8)

A. True
B. False

33. Identify problems with industrial microbial processes. (19,11)

A. Finding the least expensive medium to grow the microbe so as to maximize yield
and profits
B. Always striving to improve yield by modifying the strain, nutrients or
environmental conditions
C. Safe and inexpensive disposal of the massive quantities of waste products
remaining after the product is formed
D. All of the above

34. Which one is not on a list of organic chemicals made commercially by microbes?
(19,13)

A. Acetone
B. Hydrogen
C. Biological pesticides
D. Methane

35. Bioremediation is the use of microbes to remove pollutants from the enviroment.
(19,16)

A. True
B. False

36. Critical Thinking: The basic principle of bioremediation is the same as...(19,17)

A. Pollutant fighting microbes
B. Sewage treatment
C. Ethanol Treatment
D. Process of bread production

37. Put these general steps that are utilized in bioremediation in order: "(1) Develop a
microbial approach, (2) grow the pollution-fighting-microbes in large quantities, (3) add the pollution-fighting-microbes to the polluted enviroment, (4) define the pollution situation, (5) Isolate or stimulate a microbial population. (19,17)

A. 4,1,5,2,3
B. 4,1,5,3,2
C. 1,5,3,4,2
D. 2,3,5,4,1

38. Which prominent industrial wastes polluting our enviroment are toxic to the liver,
brain, and kidneys? (19,17)

A. Phenol
B. Motor oils
C. Lead
D. Raw petroleum

39. What roles do microbes play in our lives? (20,2)

A. They maintain soil fertility and soil tilth
B. They can be used to extract minerals from ores
C. They are prime food for all the marine and freshwater life
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

40. Which of the following do microorganisms not affect? (20,3)

A. Marine algae
B. Bacteria
C. Proteases
D. Volcanoes

41. Critical Thinking: Microenvironments are less common than macro-environments.
(20,4)

A. True
B. False

42. In the theory of evolution, survival of the fittest results in the eventual extermination
a previous species by doing what? (20,4)

A. Mutual decline of species
B. Mutual accommodation whereby mutations in any associated species naturally selected
C. Mutual allowances that are associated with specific species
D. The best will always survive

43. When two species work together for the mutual benefit of each other, this is referred
to as...(20,5)

A. Mutualistic
B. Symbiosis
C. Pathogen
D. Parasite

44. The activity of microorganisms on the earth is often rather grandly when referring to
their Geochemical activities. (20,6)

A. True
B. False

45. The Nitrogen gas constitutes what percentage of the earth's atmosphere. (20,7)

A. 40%
B. 60%
C. 90%
D. 80%

46. Why should the Nitrogen cycle interest a non-scientist? (20,8)

A. The growth of plants is limited by the small quantity of natural nitrogen in the soil
farmers add to soil at huge expense
B. Nitrogen fertilizer is expensive and uses a lot of energy
C. It effects the price of everything you eat
D. A, B and C

47. In the nutrient cycles, what two other cycles are often presented? If B and C are
correct, choose D. If A, B and C is correct, choose E. (20,8)

A. Iron
B. Sulfur
C. Phosphorus
D. Band C
E. A, B and C

48. Ruminant symbiosis and Nitrogen fixation symbiosis are of vital importance to
human survival and are the basis of the luxuriant food supply. (20,9)

A. True
B. False

49. What do the two lower stomachs, where undigested food is passed, produced? (20,10)

A. Acid
B. Proteases
C. Gastric rugea
D. Bile

50. Do the rhizobia change to form cells called bacteriods? Later, do the bacteriods
convert to N2 to ammonia using the energy they metabolize? (20,12)

A. Yes
B. No

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Rhodes Extra Credit Exam

Student Extra Credit Exam for Chapters 17, 18, 19, and 20

E-mail questions and comments to Andrea Rhodes at fishey@wsunix.wsu.edu

1.  T/F All microbes live in an aqueous environment.

Matching:

A.  Potable

B.  Fresh

C.  Pollution

D.  Sewage

E.  Objectionable

2.____  Clean water

3.____  Combined community waste

4.____  Non potable water

5.____  Non salt water

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION

6.  If the worlds water is represented by a gallon of water, the available fresh water would equal...

A.  Wt

B.  97% of the water

C.  2% which would equal one cup of the water

D.  Just over 1 tablespoon

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION

7.  The amount of polluted fresh water can be represented by the equation:  Wp= U+N-O.  Where Wp= the total water polluted.  U= used water.  N= water polluted by natural disasters. O= polluted fresh water made usable again.  To reduce fresh water pollution which of the following would not work

A.  Wp can be decreased by using less water overall.

B.  Wp can be decreased by humans using less pollutants.

C.  Wp can be decreased by humans cleaning up Wp (like in sewage treatment).

D.  Wp can be decreased by increasing the amount of freshwater used which would increase O.

8.  The first recorded toilets and sewers were build around:

A. 3, 000 BC

B.  589 AD

C.  1,000 BC

D.  1800's

9.  Wetlands work by:

A. Serving as a place where excess water can collect.

B.  Purifying water

C.  Bringing underground water to the surface.

D.  A & B, but not C

10.  The purpose of sewage treatment is to:

A.  Kill harmful organisms in water.

B.  Convert nutrients that could by utilized by potentially harmful bacteria into minerals

C.  To select and utilize microbes to convert EBOM to mineral forms

D.  None of the above

11.  T/F The treatment of sludge is aerobic

12.  Chemical flocculation is

A.  A process of potable water production

B.  A process of mixing chlorine with water to kill microbes

C.  A process of mixing non-toxic metal salts with water

D.  A process of filtering effluent treated sewage through sand

13.  A secondary sewage treatment plant does which of the following?

A.  Produces potable water

B.  Removes 85-90% of EBOM

C.  Raises taxes on water usage

D.  Removes all toxic metals from the water

14.  Which is not a useful means of conserving water?

A.  Reduce the population growth.

B.  Convert to drip irrigation techniques.

C.  Raise taxes on water usage

D.  Reusing wastewater used in industrial processes

15.  T/F If you drink polluted water and become ill you have essentially drank water containing some form of excrement (urine/feces).

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION

16.  Diarrhea is not a symptom of which of the following water borne diseases (WBD)?

A.  Cholera

B.  Samonellosis

C.  Shingellosis

D.  Helicobacter Pylor

17.  What was the means of food preservation utilized by Napolean's army and invented by Appert?

A.  Canning

B.  Sterilization  

C.  Drying

D.  Mixing food with spices.

18.  Which of the following is not a method of food preservation?

A.  Using nitrates

B.  Using radiation

C.  Using antibiotics

D.  Using spices mixed with food.

19.  The bacterium Clostridium botulinum is mostly considered a

A.  FBD

B.  WBD

C.  Both

D.  CDC

MATCHING

A.  Q fever

B.  Staphylococcus Aureas

C.  Samonella Enteritidis

D.  E-coli

E.  Clostridium Perfringens

20. ____  Has the ability to grow in the ovaries of chickens.

21. ____  First called wool cutters disease

22. ____  Caused by the bacterium Coxiella Burnetii

23. ____  Bacterium causes a disease that is an intoxication rather than infection.

24. ____  Can cause Traveler's Diarreahea.

25. ____  Commonly found on human skin as a part of the person's normal flora

26.  T/F It is safe to feed a 1year old raw honey

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION

27.  The best way to avoid getting a food borne illness is to:

A.  Take all measures to avoid eating live fecal microbes.

B.  Avoid eating Hollandaise sauce.

C.  Live in a developed country

D.  Avoid eating in fast food resturants

28.  The sugar fermented during the cheese making process is:

A.  Rennin

B.  Lactose

C.  Glucose

D.  Casein

29.  Which of the following does not influence the flavor of cheese?

A.  The kind of microbe used

B.  The type of mammal the milk used came from.

C.  The humidity

D.  None of the above.

30.  The first alcohol was probably discovered by...

A.  Leaving milk unattended in a bag of animal stomach.

B.  By taste in rotten grapes that had fallen to the ground an fermented.

C.  By leaving sap unattended in a bag of animal stomach

D.  By leaving honey and water unattended in a bag of animal stomach.

31.  Which of the following are types of microbial pee?

A.  Ethano

B.  Whey

C.  A and B

D.  None of the above

32.  T/F The rennin used in the cheese making process is a type of microbial pee.

33.  What contains the substance that inhibit spoilage microbes and aid in the final clarification of ethanol?

A.  Malt wort

B.  Hop-flowers

C.  Carbohydrates

D.  Proteins

34.  Distilled Ethanol products are made from which of the following?

A.  Rye

B.  Grapes

C.  Corn

D.  A and C

35.  T/F The yeast contribute to the flavor of bread

36.  If you suffer from Celiac Sprue you should specifically avoid

A.  Foods with microbes

B.  Yeast containing products.

C.  Gluten containing products

D.  None of the above

Matching

A.  John Snow

B.  A. Flemming

C.  Appert

D.  Kotch

37.  ____ Discovered penicillin

38.  ____  Developed technique used to isolate bacteria from leguminous plants.

39.  ____  Developed a method of food preservation

40.  ____  Helped people realize the need for a clean water supply by collecting polluted water samples in 1855

41.  Bioremediation is:

A.  The use of microbes to remove pollutants from the environment

B.  The removing non-potable water from the environment

C.  The removing of toxins from the environment

D.  The removing of harmful sewage byproducts from the environment.

42.  T/F  Microbes affect the weather

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION

43.  Microenvironments are defined as..

A.  Niches

B.  Microscopically minute niches in the ecosystem.

C.  Soil enclosed habitats.

D.  Small spaces within the Earth's ecosystem where environmental factors differ from another nearby.

44.  Mutualistic Symbiosis is

A.  Where only one partner gains from the relationship.

B.  A parasite/host relationship.

C.  When two species work together for the benifit of each.

D.  All of the above.

45.  What are the important attachment structure(s) used by bacteria?

a) phili
b) capsule
c) paste
d) a&b
e)b&c

46. Cows and microbes that produce cellulases are an example of what type of symbiosis?

A.  Ruminant

B.  Parasitic

C.  Nitrogen fixing

D.  Mutualistic

47.  An example of a leguminous plant is:

A.  Corn

B.  Wheat

C.  Alfalfa

D.  A and C

48.  Nodules contain

A.  Nitrogen

B.  A pink substance

C.  Growth organisms

D.  Nitrogen fixing bacteria

49.  T/F Termites add to global warming

50.  Which of the following is not a food produced by microbes

A.  Cheese

B.  Bread

C.  Methane

D.  Ethanol

50.  Of the following which is not a microbial produced commercial product.

A.  The blood coagulating factor XIII

B.  Steroids

C.  Gasoline

D.  Vitamins

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Grossman Extra Credit Exam for Chapters 27-30

E-mail Questions and Comments to Tina Grossmann (kmgrossmann@wsu.edu)

1) Microbe thrive in all of the following waters full of toxic substances except (17)

    1. Silver
    2. Chlorine
    3. Lead
    4. Gas

2) True or False. Food exposed to radiation is radioactive (18)

a) True
b) False

3) How many gallons of water does an average American use per day?(17)

a) 267
b) 48
c) 183
e)172

4) There are over____ different cheese products in the world.(20)

    1. 1,000
    2. 10,000
    3. 2,000
    4. 20,000

5) Staff food poisoning symptoms usually appear within _____ after ingestion.(18)

    1. 5 to 10 minutes
    2. ½ to 1 hour
    3. 1-6 hours
    4. 10-20 hours

6) Sewage treatment technology developed in the…(17)

    1. late 1900’s
    2. late 1800’s
    3. early 1900’s
    4. early 1800’s

7) Microbes have been used for about ______ years to produce industrial chemicals for human use. (20)

    1. 100
    2. 200
    3. 10
    4. 2

8) Two species working together for a mutual benefit.(22)

    1. mutualistic
    2. parasitic
    3. pathogen
    4. parasite

9) Microbes ________ an energy producing system to sustain life and nutrients.(21)

      1. require
      2. do not require

10) Potable water is best defined as…(17)

      1. water with many viruses
      2. water with many bacteria
      3. safe drinking water
      4. water from a sewage lagoon

11) How many known FBD’s are there in the US?(18)

      1. 100
      2. 200
      3. 150
      4. 200+

12) Less than what percentage of the world’s water is fresh water?(17)

      1. .01
      2. 1
      3. 10
      4. none of it is

13) True of False. Bacteria was the first life on earth.(21)

      1. true
      2. false

14) Inside the nodule the Rhizobia change their form to cells called…(21)

      1. white cells
      2. Bacteriods
      3. Red cells
      4. B-cell

15) Which of the following is the type of sewage treatment can remove radioactive materials?(17)

      1. Trickling Filter
      2. Secondary
      3. Preliminary
      4. None or the above

16) Helicobacterpoylni infections are a major cause of… (18)

      1. Hepitidus A
      2. Traveler’s Diarrhea
      3. Stomach Lacers
      4. Cholera

17) Symbioses involve…(22)

      1. only two components
      2. many participants
      3. both a and b
      4. none of the above

18) Fresh water is considered polluted if… (17)

      1. it is not clear
      2. there is more than 5% bacteria present in a culture
      3. it is always considered polluted
      4. you can smell a foul odor form it

19) Who invented the flush toilet? (17)

      1. Thomas Crapper
      2. John Flush
      3. R. Koch
      4. L. Pasture

20) Critical Thinking:

If you put a frog in a frying pan that would be easy to jump out of, would the frog jump if you heated the pan, but kept the temperature below its tolerance point?

      1. yes
      2. no

21) If you lived in a large city you would most likely have which sewage treatment facility? (17)

      1. Sewage Lagoon
      2. Activated Sludge Plant
      3. Septic Tank
      4. Trickling Filter Plant

22) Small spaces within the Earth’s ecosystem where some environmental factors from another . (21)

      1. microhabitats
      2. microenvironments

23) Which are more common? (21)

      1. microenvironments
      2. macroenvironments

24) Which of the following do Microbes affect? (21)

      1. earthquakes
      2. volcanoes
      3. weather
      4. continental drifts

25) Which of the following is NOT toxic and corcingenics. (20)

      1. Gasoline
      2. Nitrate
      3. Benzene
      4. Motor oils

26) When WWII came along the US took over the investigation and development of what? (21)

      1. aspirin
      2. penicillin
      3. e-coli
      4. TB shot

27) True of False. The basic principal of bioremediation in the same as that for. (20)

      1. sewage treatment
      2. fermentation
      3. both a and b
      4. none of the above

28) True or False. You should always avoid eating fecal microbes. (18)

      1. true
      2. false
  1. E .coli.. (18)
      1. is a newly found bacteria
      2. has been known about for almost 200 years

30) Consumer’s Research (1998) reports that___________ percent of chickens bought in a supermarket were contaminated with bacterium.(18)

      1. one to ten percent
      2. forty-eight percent
      3. fifty to ninety percent
      4. one hundred percent

31) Which of the following is an example of fecal-contamination animal meats?

      1. turkey
      2. chicken
      3. eggs
      4. all of the above
32. The majority of bacterium poisoning occur in…(18)
  • a. store bought canned foods
    b. homemade canned foods
    c. raw meat
    d. none of the above.
    •      33. Staphylococcus aureus is mainly found…(18)
        1. in our nose
        2. on our skin
        3. both a and b
        4. none of the above
    34. True or false? Horses milk and meat is eaten by more people than beef and cow milk.
        1. true
        2. false
    35. Cheese has different flavors because…(21)
        1. types of milk used
        2. the diet the animal was eating
        3. neither a or be
        4. both a and b
    36. Most ethanol for human consumption is produced by…(20)
        1. sacchaiomyces carlsberggensis
        2. sacchaiomyces cerevisiae
        3. both a and b
        4. none of the above
    37. True or false? All living organisms carry catabolism…(21)
        1. true
        2. false
    38. Which is more effective in absorbing and radiating energy back to earth?(21)
        1. carbon-dioxide
        2. methane
    39. Which microbe(s) are present in coffee?(20)
        1. bacteria
        2. mold
        3. yeast
        4. both a and b
        5. both a and c
    40. Light brews are generally made with yeast strains that convert_________of the available sugars to ethanol.(20)
        1. more
        2. less
    41. Who discovered the process of canning?(18)
        1. Edward Jenner
        2. Thomas Crapper
        3. John Flush
        4. Appert
    42. Methane producing microbes produce about____________million metric tons of methane each year.(21)
        1. 100
        2. 4
        3. 400
        4. 5
    43. Critical thinking:

    When formented grass placed in pits for later feeding to the cows it will maintain___________conditions.(20)
        1. aerobic
        2. anaerobic
    44. True or False. Food supplies two major components of life. Energy and the chemical building blocks of life. (19)
      1. true
      2. false

    45) What is the most common source of salmonellosis infection is…(20)

      1. fish
      2. humans
      3. cats and dogs
      4. chickens, turkeys, and cattle
    46. Smoking preserves food by: (19)
      1. lowering the pH
      2. inducing the formation of inhibitory chemicals in food
      3. binding the free water so that the microbes can't get enough to grow
      4. all of the above
    47. Which of the following sewage treatment facilities is better for small cities?
      1. Trickling filter plants
      2. Sewage lagoon
      3. Septic tanks
      4. Sludge digestion
    48. Land fills often leek and pollute the surrounding land and water
      1. true
      2. false
    49. Critical Thinking: If you were to prepare a large amount of beef would you cook it
      1. all at once in a large pot and put it in the refriderator till you are ready to eat it.
      2. Cook it in small portions, chill it to 40 degrees, then re-heat it when you are ready to eat it
      3. Cook it and let it sit out till you are ready to eat it.

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